옛 논문

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00309.x/abstract

Indicators for Monitoring Biodiversity: A Hierarchical Approach
REED F. NOSS^† 

20년도 더 된 논문.  2152 회 인용된 것으로 구글에선 표시됨. 

Knowing that one community contains 500species and another contains 50 species does not tell usmuch about their relative importance for conservationpurposes.


Unfortunately,the number of indices and inter-pretations proliferated to the point where species diver-sity was in danger of becoming a “nonconcept”(Hurl-bert 1971)


Whenanaturallandscape is fragmented, for example, overall commu-nity diversity may stay the same or even increase, yetthe integrity of the community has been compromisedwith an invasion of weedy species and the loss of speciesunable to persist in small, isolated patches of habitat(Noss 1983).  

  . Big questions require answersfrom several scales. If we are interested in the effects ofclimate change on biodiversity, for instance, we maywant to consider (1) the climatic factors controllingmajor vegetation ecotones and patterns of species rich-ness across continents; ( 2 ) the availability of suitablehabitats and landscape linkages for species migration;( 3 ) the climatic controls on regional and local distur-banceregimes;(4)thephysiologicaltolerances,auteco-logical requirements, and dispersal capacitiesof individ-ual species; and ( 5 ) the genetically controlled variationwithin and between populations of a species in responseto climatic variables.

 

 
여기서 얼마나 23 년 간 발전했는가 궁금해졌다. 


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http://lab.rockefeller.edu/cohenje/PDFs/214CohenMarinelTrans19941.pdf 
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/343/1303/57.short

Marine and Continental Food Webs: Three Paradoxes? [and Discussion]

1. Joel E. Cohen and 
2. T. Fenchel

Abstract

Carbon stocks and flows give a picture of marine and continental biotas different from that based on food webs. Measured per unit of volume or per unit of surface area, biomass is thousands to hundreds of thousands of times more dilute in the oceans than on the continents. The number of described species is lower for the oceans than for the continents. One might expect that each species of organism would therefore feed on or be consumed by fewer other species in the oceans than on the continents. Yet in reported food webs, the average oceanic species interacts trophically with more other species than the average terrestrial or aquatic species. Carbon turnover times imply that the mean adult body length of oceanic organisms is 240 to 730 times shorter than that of continental organisms. By contrast, in reported food webs, marine animal predators are larger than continental animal predators, and marine animal prey are larger than continental animal prey, by as much as one to two orders of magnitude. Estimates of net primary productivity (NPP) per unit of surface area or per unit of occupied volume indicate that the oceans are several to hundreds of times less productive than the continents, on average. If NPP limited mean chain length in food webs, oceanic food chains should be shorter than continental chains. Yet average chain lengths reported in published food webs are longer in oceans than on land or in fresh water. In reconciling these unexpected contrasts, the challenge is to determine which (if any) of the many plausible explanations is or are correct. 



왜 해양생태계 먹이사슬이 더 긴가? 에 대해 흥미로운 논문